Definition According to WHO definition it is “a quantitative and qualitative description of the health citizens and the factors which influence their health. It identifies problems, proposes areas for improvement and stimulates action.” The stages involved in the process of community diagnosis: The process of community diagnosis involves four stages- Initiation Data collection and analysis …
Health The World Health Organization (WHO) defined health in its broader sense in 1946 as “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” Phases of history of health development Phase of Disease control (1880-1920) Not only the control of particular disease(s) Control of man’s physical …
Chronological organization The discussion of the research/articles is ordered according to an historical or developmental context The classic studies organization A discussion or outline of the major writings regarded as significant in your area of study. Topical or thematic organization The research is divided into sections representing the categories or conceptual subjects for your topic. …
Broadly epidemiological studies may be classified into two broad types, depending upon the type of exposure:- Observational (non-experimental) studies Experimental studies Observational studies Observational studies allow nature to take its own course, the investigator observe, measure but does not intervene where the researcher has no control over the exposure. The observational studies, which comprise the …
The condition of being subjected to something, as to infectious agents, extremes of weather, or radiation, which may have a harmful effect. In case of communicable disease: Negative exposure – Consumption of polluted water causes disease Positive exposure – Consumption of safe water does not causes disease In non-communicable disease: Smoking is a risk factor …
Types of descriptive studies Case series studies Community diagnosis or need assessment Descriptive cross-sectional studies Ecological descriptive studies Epidemiological description of disease occurrence Use of descriptive Study To measure incidence To measure Prevalence To generate hypothesis The essential Features of descriptive studies are: To describe present or past characteristics of persons with a particular …
Direction of study: Exposure and outcome at the same time. Strength of association: Strength of association in cross-sectional study is weak. Cross sectional study is popular study because: Easy to conduct: Readiness and easily it can conducted Simple: Simple in terms of design, calculation & conduct. Time: It can be done very quickly Suitable …
Features One important characteristic of analytical study is using comparison group for arriving a conclusion. When we give a comparison its validity increases. (Drug is used & some child died – report will be weak, if there is a comparable group & give us facts & figures) Political priority – Role of analytical study in …
Direction of study: Exposure to outcome. Strength of association: Estimates risk or rate directly. Strong relation between exposures to outcome. Types of cohort study: Prospective Cohort study – In this study direction of time towards forwards. Study have started before the occurrence of the event and we have to wait and see whether the …
Analytical studies are further sub-types depending upon the study groups and time. Commonly used analytical studies are as follows: Cross-sectional study – Comparison group are not determined earlier because exposure and outcome both measure at the same time. Case control study – Comparison groups are selected according to outcome. Study subjects are then interviewed or …